Punjab university-ICS: foriegn policy of Pakistan

DEFINITION

Foreign policy "is composed of goals sought , values set, decisions made and actions taken by states and national governments acting on their behalf in the context of the external relations of national societies. It constitutes an attempt to design, manage and control the foreign relations in national societies

”The foreign policy is to establish and develop relations with other countries to watch the national interests by taking appropriate steps at international level.

The sub-discipline that specializes in relations is known as foreign policy analysis (FPA). FPA contributes to overall communication between nations. A country's foreign policy, called the international relations policy, consists of strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals in international relations. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. In recent times, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some countries the legislature also has considerable oversight.

FOREIGN POLICY of PAKISTAN

Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14th August 1947 and it inherited the foreign policy from British India. After independence, Pakistan made some changes in British policy according to the ideology and the objectives of Pakistan Movement

Foreign Policy of Pakistan was established by Quaid-e-Azam itself.
The father of the nation , defined Foreign Policy towards other countries of the world in 1948,as follows:
" Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our outmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed of the United Nations Character.

PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY :

Every country established its foreign policy according to own ideological, historical, political and geographical circumstances. Foreign Policy of Pakistan was established by Quaid-e-Azam itself. Foreign policy of Pakistan is based on the following basic principles:

Peaceful Co-existence

Pakistan believes in peaceful co-existence and respects the liberty, freedom and sovereignty of other countries, and expects the same from others. Pakistan is always disinterested in the internal affairs of others, and opposes imperialism and aggression of every type.

Non-Alignment

Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc, and has established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China, United Kingdom France and other countries and expects the same from others of significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member of Non-aligned Movement (NAM).

Unite Nations Charter

Pakistan wants to develop its relations with all countries on the basis of bilateralism. Pakistan also wants to solve its conflicts with neighboring countries on the basis of bilateralism. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India many times to solve the Kashmir dispute by negotiation.

United Nations Charter

Pakistan is a member of United Nations and follows its charter strictly. Therefore, Pakistan has supported every action of the United Nations and provided military assistance to implement its decisions.

Support to Right of Self-Determination

Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations. Pakistan believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination. Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played very important role in the struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and Vietnam. It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia, and helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule. 6.

Unity of Islamic World

Pakistan is the supporter of the unity of Islamic world, and is following the policy to establish good relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan has always tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very important role in Iran – Iraq war, Palestine’s and Afghanistan’s liberation. Pakistan is an active member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). Pakistan has provided a platform for Muslim countries of Central Asia to solve their economic problems by establishing Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).

De-weaponisation

Pakistan is the main supporter of de-weaponisation and supported all international efforts to de-weaponise the world. Therefore, Pakistan is not in the race of weaponisation. Pakistan uses atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Pakistan tries to avoid the danger of nuclear war. In the world Pakistan has repeatedly suggested for the de-weaponisation of South Asia, but India has not responded it accordingly.

Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world. Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa, Namibia and Rodeshia. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in Pakistan have equal rights.

Establishment of Peace

Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the oppressed nations for getting the peace. Pakistan has repeatedly invited India to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move.

10.

Good Relations with Neighbors

Pakistan wants good relationship with all neighbors including India. Pakistan also wants to solve all the issues with neighboring countries including Kashmir issue with India peacefully. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India for talks at any time, at every level and at every place.

11.

International and Regional Cooperation

Pakistan is an active member of international and regional organization i.e. United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and SAARC. Pakistan always cooperates with all these organizations for the security of world peace.

OBJECTIVES OF FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN:

According to Lord Parmesan:

“In the International Relations, There is no any permanent friend and

enemy but the preference is given only to the national interest any

state form its foreign policy on the base of National Security & Interest.”

The main objectives of the foreign policy of Pakistan are as under:-

National Security

The main objective of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or

Independence . Pakistan was a new born state, and there was a need to make arrangements for its security. So Pakistan formulated its foreign policy on the basis of national security. It gave due importance to the national security, while establishing external relationships with other countries. Pakistan respects the national integrity and the political independence of other countries, and expect from others the same.

Economic Development

Pakistan is a developing country and inspires for its economic development. It needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states with whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain maximum economic benefits. Pakistan has made changes in its foreign policy keeping in view the new economic trends. It has adopted particularly free trade, free economic policy, and policy of privatization.

Protection of Ideology of Pakistan

Pakistan is an ideological state and its foreign policy is based upon the ideology of Pakistan or Islam. The foreign policy is meant to protect the ideology. The stability of Pakistan is also dependent upon ideology.

Better Relations with Islamic Countries

Pakistan can protect its ideology by developing good relationship with Muslim countries. All the constitutions of Pakistan emphasized on establishing good relations with Muslim countries.

Non-Alignment

Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc, and has established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China, United Kingdom, France and other countries and expects the same from others of significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member of Non-aligned Movement (NAM).

Support to Right of Self-Determination

Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world. Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa Namibia and Rodeshia. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in Pakistan have equal rights.

Establishment of Peace

DETERMINANTS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN:

The following are the determinants of the foreign policy of Pakistan:-

Administrative Troika

Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, the Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff. It plays very important role in formulating foreign policy. It can approve or disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan or can make any change in it. However, it is very difficult to deviate from the previous foreign commitments made by Troika.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The ministry can play very important role in formulating the foreign policy. It comprises the specialists and experts of foreign policy and the bureaucrats of high level. They prepare foreign policy, keeping in view the basic objectives and principles of the policy. They formulate the policy, plans and programmers regarding the priorities of foreign policy, and fully cooperate with Troika for its preparation. In accordance with new constitutional amendment, the Troika has been replaced by the National Security Council.

Intelligence Agencies

Pakistan’s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation of foreign policy by providing full information about the objectives of other countries foreign policies. Keeping in view these information’s, Pakistan formulates its foreign policy.

Political Parties and Pressure Groups

The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the formulation of foreign policy. The political parties include the priorities of foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after their success in the election, they force the government to change the priorities of foreign policy according to the changing scenario in the light of their view points. Likewise the pressure groups can also influence the foreign policy.

Parliament

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy according to the directions of executive and puts it before the Parliament for approval. After discussion and debate the parliament gives approval to it or suggests some change in it.

International Organizations

Pakistan joined the UN on September 30, 1947, and has been an active participant in the UN and its specialized agencies and other bodies, as well as in various specialized UN conferences. In 1993 Pakistan was elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council. In addition, Pakistani nationals have contributed their skills within the UN itself. For example, in 1987, Nafis Sadik, a Pakistani woman physician, became executive director of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) with the rank of undersecretary general. Pakistan has also been the recipient of assistance from UN development organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in a variety of fields such as agriculture, water and sanitation, national planning, and human development. The UNDP, for example, allocated more than US$87 million for assistance to Pakistan for the 1992-96 program period.

Pakistan's view of the UN has necessarily been conditioned by its own needs and experience. Although recognizing the shortcomings and powerlessness of the UN in many situations, Pakistan has seen no alternative to the UN as a forum where weaker countries could appeal to the world's conscience against the actions of stronger powers. Consequently, Pakistan has called for solutions to international problems through UN auspices, most notably for resolution of the Kashmir issue. Pakistan also played a highly visible role in UN peacekeeping efforts, contributing more than 7,000 troops to the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM)--the largest single national contingent to any peacekeeping force in early 1994. Pakistan had troops serving with the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNPROFOR BH) and had

8 participating observers in a number of other UN mission

Pakistan's participation in other international organizations, including SAARC and the ECO, reflect its desire to be an influential player in the geographic region of which it is a part. In addition, Pakistan has play addition, Pakistan has played a leading role in the OIC, and President Zia was instrumental in revitalizing the OIC as a forum for periodic meetings of the heads of Islamic states. Pakistan thus appears firmly committed to the utility of broad based international cooperation

Foreign relations

People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations:

It refers to bilateral relationship that began in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to break relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and recognise the PRC. Following the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan's relations with the PRC became stronger and extremely close; since then, the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military and technical assistance or aid to Pakistan and both of them consider as a strategically.

1950 - Pakistan becomes third non-communist country, and first Muslim one, to recognize China.

1951 - Beijing and at the time Karachi established diplomatic relations between themselves in the month of May.

1970 - Pakistan helps US make contacts with China that result in visit to China by then US National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger in 1971.

1978 - Karakoram Highway linking mountainous Northern Pakistan with Western China officially opens

1999 - A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in Punjab province, is completed. China is helping to build a second 300-megawatt nuclear plant due to be finished by 2010.

2009 Pakistani intelligence agencies helped the Chinese government of catching several suspected Uyghur terrorists seeking haven in Pakistan and planning to launch illegal operations

2010 Wen Jiabao visited Pakistan. More than 30 billion US dollars of deals were signed. Pakistan China friendship center was inaugurated in Islamabad by Prime Minister of China Wen Jiabao.

Relations between India and Pakistan:

Relations between Pakistan and India are defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

Kashmir dispute

Kashmir was a princely state, ruled by a Hindu king, Maharaja Hari Singh. . Hari Singh signed a Standstill Agreement (preserving status quo) with Pakistan, but did not make his decision by August 15, 1947.

1971 Bangladesh Liberation War

Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. East Pakistan was occupied mostly by Bengali people. In December 1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace

2007 Samjhauta Express bombing:

The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings was a terrorist attack targeted on the Samjhauta Express train on the 18^th of February. The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India-Pakistan border.

2008 Mumbai attacks

The 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. The sole surviving gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani national

Sporting ties:

Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to a lesser degree such as those of the SAARC games) have often been political in nature. During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan General Zia-ul Haq traveled to India for a bout of “cricket diplomacy” to keep India from supporting the Soviets by opening another front. Pervez Musharaff also tried to do the same more than a decade later but to no avail.

Other Territorial Disputes:

Pakistan is locked in other territorial disputes with India such as the Siachen Glacier and Kori Creek. Pakistan is also currently having dialogue with India regarding the Baglihar Dam being built over the River Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir.

Pakistan – United States relations:

Refers to bilateral relationship between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the United States of America. The United States established diplomatic relations with Pakistan started on October 20, 1947. The relationship since then was based primarily on U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan.^[1] Pakistan is a Major non-NATO ally of the United States. The history of Pakistan–American relations has been defined as one of “Roller Coaster.

Foreign Assistance Act:

In April of 1979 the United States suspended all economic assistance to Pakistan (with the exception of food assistance, as required my the 1977 Symington Amendment to the US Foreign Assistance Act of 1961) over concerns about Pakistan's nuclear program.^[3] The US Foreign Assistance Act states that the US will not provide assistance to nations whose governments significantly violate human

Democratic governments: 1988–1998:

The stage was set for a very tumultuous situation; the 1990s was an era of intense upheaval in Pakistan. Pakistan found itself in a state of extremely high insecurity as tensions mounted with India and Afghanistan’s infighting continued. Pakistan’s alliance with the U.S. was strained due to factors such as its support for the Taliban and public distancing of the Pakistani government from the U.S. However the U.S. initially supported the Taliban.

Post–September 11:

After the September 11 attacks in 2001 in the United States, Pakistan became a key ally in the war on terror with the United States. In 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush strongly encouraged Pakistan government to join the U.S. war on terror, as a result Pakistan joined the U.S. war

Present relation :

Between 2002–2010, Pakistan received approximately 18 billion military and economic aid from the United States. In February 2010, the Obama administration requested an additional 3 billion in aid, for a Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally as part of the War on Terrorism. A leading recipient of U.S. military aid, Pakistan will expect to receive approximately 1.3 billion for 2010. 25% of the military is subsidized by the U.S. governmental of 20.7 billion.

Death of Osama bin Laden:

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the U.S. State Department stated that "cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound in which he was hiding". President Obama also said during his announcement of the raid that "US counterterrorism cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding.

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Sunday, June 3, 2012

foriegn policy of Pakistan